A rave (or rave party) is an all-night dance event where DJs and other performers play rave music and other types of electronic dance music for dancers, with the accompaniment of colored lights, projected images, and laser effects. Popular rave dance styles include breakdancing, popping and locking, glowsticking, liquid dancing, and poi. Rave parties are often associatated with the use of "club drugs" such as ecstasy, methamphetamine, speed and ketamine.
The slang expression rave was originally used by people of Caribbean descent in London during the 1960s to describe a party.In the late 1980s, the term began to be used to describe the rave subculture that grew out of the acid house movement. Early rave-like dances were held in the early 1980s in the Ecstasy-fueled club scene in clubs like NRG, in Houston, and in the drug-free, all-ages scene in Detroit at venues like The Music Institute. However, it was not until the mid to late 1980s that a wave of psychedelic and other electronic dance music, most notably acid house and techno, emerged and caught on in the clubs, warehouses and free-parties around London and later Manchester. These early raves were called the Acid House Summers. They were mainstream events that attracted thousands of people (up to 25,000 instead of the 4,000 that came to earlier warehouse parties).
Mainstream American politicians responded with hostility to the emerging rave party trend. Politicians spoke out against raves and began to fine anyone who held illegal parties. Police crackdowns on these often-illegal parties drove the scene into the countryside. The word "rave" somehow caught on in the UK to describe common semi-spontaneous weekend parties occurring at various locations outside the M25 London Orbital motorway. (It was this that gave the band Orbital their name.)
The early rave scene also flourished underground in North American cities such as Montreal, Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles and as word of the budding scene spread, raves quickly caught on in other cities such as San Diego and New York City and in major urban centres across the European continent.
From the Acid House scene of the late 1980s, the scene transformed from predominantly a London-based phenomenon to a UK-wide mainstream underground youth movement. Organizations such as Fantazia, Universe, Raindance & Amnesia House were by 1991/92 holding massive legal raves in fields and warehouses around the country. The Fantazia party called One Step Beyond, which was an all-nighter attracted thousands of people. Other notable events included Obsession and Universe's Tribal Gathering in 1993.
In the early 1990s the scene was slowly changing, with local councils passing bylaws and increasing the fees to prevent or discourage rave organisations from getting licenses. This meant that the days of legal one-off parties were numbered. The scene was also beginning to fragment into many different styles of dance music making large parties more expensive to set up and more difficult to promote. The happy old skool style was replaced by the darker jungle (later renamed drum n bass) and the faster happy hardcore.
The illegal free party scene also reached its zenith for that time when, after a particularly large festival, when many individual sound systems such as Bedlam, Circus Warp, DIY, and Spiral Tribe set up near Castlemorton Common, in May 1992 the government acted. Under the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 where the definition of music played at a rave was given as ""music" includes sounds wholly or predominantly characterised by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats."
Sections 63, 64 & 65 of the Act targeted electronic dance music played at raves. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act empowered police to stop a rave in the open air when a hundred or more people are attending, or where two or more are making preparations for a rave. Section 65 allows any uniformed constable who believes a person is on their way to a rave within a five-mile radius to stop them and direct them away from the area; noncompliant citizens may be subject to a maximum fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale (£1 000). The Act was ostensibly introduced because of the noise and disruption caused by all night parties to nearby residents, and to protect the countryside. It has also been claimed that it was introduced to kill a popular youth movement that was taking many drinkers out of town centres drinking on taxable alcohol and into fields to take untaxed drugs and drink free water.
After 1993 the main outlet for raves in the UK were a number of licensed venues, amongst them Helter Skelter, Life @ Bowlers (Trafford Park, Manchester), The Edge formerly the Eclipse (Coventry), The Sanctuary (Milton Keynes) and Club Kinetic. Rezerection events proved to be one of the main forces in rave, holding legendary events across the north-east and Scotland. Initially playing techno, breakbeat rave and drum and base, it later embraced hardcore techno (including Happy Hardcore) and bouncy techno. The Rezerection legacy was continued by Judgement Day, History of Dance, and now REGENeration. In Scotland clubs such as the FUBAR (Stirling), Hanger 13 (Ayr) and Nosebleed (Rosyth) played important roles in the development of these dance music styles.
These were nearly all all pay-to-enter events, however it could be argued that rave organisers saw the writing on the wall and moved towards more organised and 'legitimate' venues enabling a continuation of large-scale indoor raves well into the mid-nineties. One might remember that the earliest house and acid house clubs were themselves effectively 'nightclubs'. Raves were also overshadowed in the press by the 1995 death of Leah Betts, a teenager who died after taking ecstasy; journalists and press/billboard campaigns emphasized the drug use, even though she actually died from hyperhydration at a party in her own home, not a rave.
The first mega-rave in South Africa was held in a warehouse on Cape Town's foreshore. Dubbed the World Peace Party, it featured a cross-over crowd of Cape Flats rappers, fashionistas and clubbers dancing to a Rave and Progressive House. The first electronic South African Bands who performed live at the Raves were the Kraftreaktor and The Kiwi Experience. The first large Johannesburg rave was held at an old cinema in Yeoville in early 1992. Amongst the first Johannesburg rave organisers in the early 1990s were Fourth World Productions (responsible for the legendary 1993 nightclub 4th World) World's End Productions and Damn New Thing Productions.
In the U.S., the mainstream media and law enforcement agencies have branded the subculture as a purely drug-centric culture similar to the hippies of the 1960s. As a result, ravers have been effectively run out of business in many areas (Media Awareness Project). Although they continue in major coastal cities like New York and LA, a few specific areas like greater Phoenix, and notably the Winter Music Conference in Florida, most other areas have been relegated to word-of-mouth-only underground parties and nightclub events. In some parts of Europe, raves are common and mainstream, although they are now more often known as "festivals," highlighting multiple acts over a several-day period, and often including non-dance music acts.
Groups that have addressed drug use at raves include the Electronic Music Defense and Education Fund (EMDEF), The Toronto Raver Info Project, and DanceSafe, all of which advocate harm reduction approaches. Paradoxically, drug safety literature (such as those distributed by DanceSafe) is used as evidence of condoned drug use (EMDEF press release). Other groups, such as Drug Free America Foundation, Inc., characterize raves as being rife with gang activity, rape, robbery, and drug-related deaths. However, most ravers report rarely, or never having seen someone die of a drug overdose at a party, or seen any gang activity.
In 2005, Antonio Maria Costa, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, advocated drug testing on highways as a countermeasure against drug use at raves.
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